NY CHILD CUSTODY - SUBSTANCE USE/ABUSE IS A MAJOR FACTOR

MATTER OF GLENN X. v. CASSIE X., 2026 NY Slip Op 51273 - NY: Family Court 2026:

"Petitioner Glenn X. (hereinafter "the father") and Respondent Cassie X. (hereinafter "the mother") are the parents of the subject children E.X. (date of birth: XX/XX/13), A.X. (date of birth: XX/XX/15), and O.X. (date of birth: XX/XX/16) (hereinafter "the children"). This is a proceeding pursuant to Family Court Act Article 6. This action commenced with the father's filing of a modification petition on June 6, 2025.

A Fact-Finding Hearing was conducted by the Court on June 12, 2026. The mother was represented by Attorney Emerson Mitchell, Esq., the father was represented by Attorney Robert Lalonde, Esq., and the children were represented by Attorney Olivia Molineux, Esq., of Citizens Concerned for Children, Inc. The Court heard testimony from the parties and received exhibits into evidence. The Court has reviewed the final summations filed by counsel. On June 15, 2026, a Lincoln Hearing was held with A.X., O.X., and the AFC^[1].

The Court searched the statewide registry of orders of protection, the Sex Offender Registry, and the Family Court's child protective records, and notified the parties and the attorneys of the results of these searches.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On April 15, 2025, a Custody and Visitation Order on Consent was entered following negotiations by counsel for the parties and the Attorney for the Children pursuant to previously filed petitions. Under the order, the mother and father were granted joint legal custody with the mother to have final decision-making authority. The mother was granted placement of the children, with the father to have parenting time on Sundays from 10:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m., plus additional time as agreed by the parties. The father was also granted regular telephone contact with the children. Further, it was ordered that, "the father shall continue with treatment as recommended by CARS [Cayuga Addiction Recovery Services] and shall continue to abstain from using alcohol and shall continue to abstain from using all other illegal substances."

On June 6, 2025, less than two months after entry of the Custody and Visitation Order on Consent, the father filed a modification petition seeking an increase in his set weekly parenting time to Saturdays at 5:00 p.m. until Mondays at 5:00 p.m. He alleged that the parties were "unable to negotiate a workable visitation schedule that allows for additional time" with him.

On June 9, 2025, the mother filed a modification petition by order to show cause seeking permission to take the children on vacation later that month. The mother alleged that, despite her offer for make-up visits, the father would not agree to the vacation because it would fall over two of his Sunday visits. The Court granted the mother's requested relief on the papers and ordered that she may (but is not required to) provide the father with make-up parenting time. On July 18, 2025, the mother filed a second modification petition seeking sole legal custody, suspension of the father's visitation, and an order requiring the father to be reevaluated for substance abuse.

FINDINGS OF FACT

The Court found the mother to be completely credible. She has done an exceptional job raising three bright, kind, and sociable children. She has gone out of her way to support the children's relationship with their father despite the difficult circumstances created by his ongoing substance abuse.

The father is an untreated addict, and the Court did not find him to be credible. The only believable testimony he gave was his admissions to currently using alcohol and marijuana, facts which he would be hard pressed to deny given his drug testing records (Respondent's Exhibit H), photographs taken by the mother (Respondent's Exhibits A and B), and text conversations with the mother wherein he declares that complying with court orders and testing for alcohol and drugs is "bullshit" and a "fucking joke" (Respondent's Exhibits E and F). However, the Court did not believe the father's characterization of how much alcohol and marijuana he uses and finds that he minimizes his substance abuse and the issues created thereby. Attorney Mitchell astutely summarized the evidence at trial as follows:

". . . the father continues to find himself in a cyclical use of substances. The father has shown periods of sobriety, followed by increasing alcohol and cannabis use which is then followed by binging and escalation to cocaine. All of which culminate in crisis calls to the mother or some other individual. Calls that are filled with admissions, apologies and pleas for help. Once the cycle begins again, the father then reports that he is just drinking occasionally and using cannabis and he can handle it. This was his phase during the hearing. It has been the history for this family each time it comes back to court.

As can be seen from Exhibits A through H, the father has prioritized his use of substances over securing a stable and safe schedule of contact for the children. As can be seen from Exhibits E, F, and H, the father was openly defiant and refused to follow the court order, despite knowing that adherence to the order would be the only way of regaining any normal schedule of contact with the children.

Clearly the father is unable to prioritize the children's well-being above his own addictions and thus is not an appropriate joint custodian for the children." Attorney Mitchell Summation.

The parties met in AA in 2010. The father confided in the mother that smoking marijuana always leads him back to drinking alcohol. The father was sober from 2010 until 2014. In 2014, the father relapsed. The relapse was so alarming that the mother cancelled their wedding. The father regained his sobriety in 2014, and the parties eventually married. The father remained sober until 2018 when the mother noticed a change in the father's behavior. She confronted him, and he admitted that he had been sneaking around and smoking marijuana. She took this seriously given his admission that smoking marijuana leads him to drink alcohol. He told her he would stop. Another relapse occurred in 2019; again, the father admitted to sneaking around and smoking marijuana. This time, the father said that he would not stop. The mother told the father the marriage was over and contacted a divorce attorney. Although he briefly stopped smoking when she first contacted the divorce attorney, he resumed using marijuana by April or May of 2020. The mother confronted the father after he took the children on an outing, and he admitted to smoking marijuana while driving the children in his truck. The children were only seven, five, and three years old at the time. The mother testified, "from then on, our separation was happening."

As predicted by the mother, the father began drinking alcohol again by the fall of 2020. The father admitted on the witness stand that he was "struggling" with alcohol during this time, that he was drinking four to five days per week, and that he was consuming "more than reasonable." The parties continued to live together until the mother and children moved out of the home in January of 2021. During this time, the mother observed the father drinking, and the father also told the mother about his drinking. In late 2020 or early 2021, the father drove to downtown Ithaca to plow snow, a job he performs in the winter. The father told the mother that he was so drunk when he arrived downtown that he napped in a parking lot he had been hired to plow. The father also told the mother that while drinking at home alone, he passed out in front of the wood stove with the door open and that he was lucky the house did not burn down.

The father later admitted to the mother that he was also using cocaine during this time. The father had become aggressive, and he had thrown a phone through their living room window, punched a hole in one of their walls, and threw a dog leash through one of their walls. Angry that the mother would not allow him to drive with the children in tow, the father called the mother a "cunt" loudly at a softball practice where the children and paternal grandmother were present.

In February of 2021, the father was charged with Driving While Intoxicated after crashing his truck and refusing to submit to a breathalyzer. He also kicked a hole in the wall of the sheriff's office during the arrest. The mother learned of the crash a day or two later. The father told the mother he was going to stop drinking but not stop smoking marijuana. At one point, he called her crying because he "couldn't smoke enough pot to get high enough." She asked him to get some help. He got in touch with a sponsor and stopped drinking for a time. He ultimately pleaded guilty to misdemeanor Driving While Intoxicated and was sentenced to a conditional discharge. As part of his sentence, he was required to install and utilize an ignition interlock device in his vehicle for one year. The father abstained from alcohol until 2023.

In 2023, the parties were sharing equal placement. The mother learned the father may be drinking again and confronted him. He denied it. Then the father called the mother and admitted he was drinking again. The mother asked the father not to drink while the children were in his care. Two days later, the children observed the father drinking and reported this to the mother. The mother filed a petition in family court soon thereafter.

The father was engaged in substance abuse treatment at Cayuga Addiction Recovery Services (CARS) from fall of 2024 through spring of 2025, including weekly appointments, testing, and group sessions. He claimed that he attended treatment at this time not because he was struggling with alcohol but because he was "basically mandated by the court." He claimed that he was successfully discharged from CARS in the spring of 2025. On April 15, 2025, a Custody and Visitation Order on Consent was entered, requiring the father to "continue with treatment as recommended by CARS," "continue to abstain from using alcohol," and "continue to abstain from using all other illegal substances." The father admits that he began drinking again soon after the order was entered. While he at first testified that since he had agreed to the consent order he could also "unagree" to it, upon further questioning he admitted that by drinking alcohol he was in violation of the consent order which was not only an agreement between the parties but also an order of the Court.

In June and July of 2025, the parties filed their current petitions with the Court. The father admitted on cross-examination at trial that when the mother requested permission to take the children on a vacation that would stretch across two of his Sunday visits, she in fact offered the father numerous make-up visit dates and times, and, because he would not agree, she was ultimately forced to bring an order to show cause to receive permission from the Court for her vacation with the children.

At an appearance with all parties and counsel on August 4, 2025, the Court issued an Interim Order which was later entered on August 6, 2025. Under the Interim Order, the mother was granted temporary sole legal custody and continued primary placement. The father's parenting time was to take place "at a time and place agreed upon by the parties taking into account the children's wishes." The father was forbidden from driving with the children in the car, was ordered to comply with random weekly substance screens through the Family Treatment Court office, and was required to use a blood alcohol content (BAC) tracking device eight hours prior to each visit (as well as every eight hours thereafter for overnight visits).

Taking all the credible testimony and exhibits together, the father did not have any parenting time with the children from August 6, 2025, until October 17, 2025, because the father refused to use the BACtrack device. (Respondent's Exhibits D and E). In a text message to the mother on August 6, 2025, the father declared, "I'm done with the court. I'm not doing any of this bullshit. The kids can see me ANYTIME they want. I'm not going anywhere, but I'm not playing these fucking games anymore." (Respondent's Exhibit E). After sending this text, the father showed up unannounced to the mother's home and waited for the mother and children to return. The children were excited to see him. However, their excitement soon turned to despair when the father told the children that he won't be seeing them anymore because he wasn't going to play the "games" that the judge and the mother were making him play. At the same time, he told the children they were welcome at his house any time. The children were confused and crying. No one understood why he was saying goodbye. This stunt "emotionally wrecked" the children, and the mother was left to deal with the aftermath.

In October 2025, the father resumed his use of the BACtrack device. On October 18, 2025, by the good graces and with the agreement of the mother, his parenting time resumed, including some overnight visits. (Respondent's Exhibit D). However, in November of 2025, the father again stopped using the BACtrack device and, as a result, did not have any parenting time with the children from November 24, 2025, through February 5, 2026. (Respondent's Exhibit D). On December 6, 2025, the father texted the mother, "Are you aware of the court date getting moved? . . . I don't know what your plan is, but I'm not doing what I've been doing with the testing and the BACTrack [sic] until June. In fact I'm done with it again. This is a fucking joke." (Respondent's Exhibit F). Respondent's H shows that from August 15, 2025, through June 8, 2026, the father had 35 missed drug tests, eight failed drug tests due to the detection of THC, one missed drug test due to reporting too late, and zero passed drug tests. At trial, he rationalized that the random weekly substance testing was merely ordered as a condition of his visitation and that it was not ordered "regardless." Clearly, the father does not view time with his children as his priority.

The father currently participates in a pool league and drinks alcohol while doing so. He testified that he consumes up to three drinks at a time, two or three days per week. He admitted that he drives himself home after drinking. The father maintains that he has had "no issues" with alcohol since his discharge from CARS and resumption of drinking, stating he has a "good understanding" of his "whole history." The father claims he has not used alcohol around the children since 2024. The father denies that he has struggled with any other substances besides alcohol. He estimates that he currently uses marijuana four to five days per week, "occasionally" on the same days that he uses alcohol. He admits that he uses marijuana while the children are in his care, after they are asleep. Aside from his admissions to using alcohol and marijuana, the Court did not find the father to be a credible and accurate reporter of his substance use. He minimizes the amount of alcohol and marijuana he consumes as well as the resultant impact on his life and relationships.

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

A "party seeking to modify an existing custodial arrangement" must "demonstrate, as a threshold, that `there has been a change in circumstances since the prior custody order significant enough to warrant a review of the issue of custody to ensure the continued best interests of the children' (Matter of Tyrel v. Tyrel, 132 AD3d 1026, 1026 [2015] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see Matter of Gerber v. Gerber, 133 AD3d 1133, 1135 [2015])." Matter of Harrell v. Fox, 137 AD3d 1352, 1354 (3rd Dept. 2016). If the requisite change of circumstances burden has been met, the petitioner must then demonstrate that the "best interests of the child[ren] would be served by modification of that order (Matter of David ZZ. v. Suzanne A., 152 AD3d 880, 881, 58 N.Y.S.3d 711 [2017] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; accord Matter of Heather U. v. Janice V., 160 AD3d 1149, 1150, 74 N.Y.S.3d 410 [2018])." Beers v. Beers, 163 AD3d 1197, 1198 (3rd Dept. 2018).

The father has failed to meet his burden of showing a significant change in circumstances since issuance of the April 2025 Custody and Visitation Order on Consent as the father's claim that the parties were "unable to negotiate a workable visitation schedule that allows for additional time" with him was unsupported by the evidence. At all times, the mother has gone above and beyond to offer ample additional parenting time to the father. Any difficulties (such as refusing to accept make-up time to allow for the mother's vacation with the children) were the fault of the father alone.

The mother, however, has met her burden of showing a significant change in circumstances since issuance of the April 2025 order because there was uncontroverted proof (including the father's own admissions at trial) that he began drinking alcohol again soon after the order was entered. This is a significant change in circumstances because the father was ordered to continue to abstain from alcohol in the April 2025 order.

Turning now to whether it would be in the best interests of the children to modify the prior order, "[a]ny court in considering questions of child custody must make every effort to determine `what is for the best interest of the child, and what will best promote [his or her] welfare and happiness' [internal citations omitted]." Eschbach v. Eschbach, 56 NY2d 167, 171 (NY 1982). "In determining the best interests of a child, a court must consider various factors, including `the parents' ability to provide a stable home environment for the child, the child's wishes, the parents' past performance, relative fitness, ability to guide and provide for the child's overall well-being, and the willingness of each parent to foster a relationship with the other parent' [internal citations omitted]." Herrera v. Pena-Herrera, 146 AD3d 1034, 1035 (3rd Dept. 2017).

Further, the courts have held that where there is an "acrimonious relationship" and poor communication between the parties, joint custody is inappropriate. See Shearer v. Spisak, 90 AD3d 1346, 1347 (3rd Dept. 2011); Tylaeya C. v. Karl S., 187 AD3d 402 (1st Dept. 2020). In such cases, it is appropriate to award sole custody to the parent who has been the "primary caregiver" to the [children] and to the parent who has "demonstrated a willingness to foster a relationship between the [children] and [the other parent] . . ." Keen v. Stephens, 114 AD3d 1029, 1031 (3rd Dept. 2014); Tylaeya C. v. Karl S., 187 AD3d 402 (1st Dept. 2020). In considering a party's willingness to promote a relationship between the children and the other parent, the court may take into account the party's poor communication with the other parent, "disparaging treatment of the [other parent] as reflected in . . . text messages," and "failure to take responsibility for his [or her] actions." Cameron ZZ. V. Ashton B., 183 AD3d 1076 (3rd Dept. 2020).

Based upon all of the evidence, the Court must grant sole legal custody and continued primary placement to the mother. The mother has always been the primary caregiver to the children, and she is the only parent that has provided a safe, stable, and healthy home environment for them. She has continued to foster the children's relationship with the father despite the very difficult circumstances created by the father's untreated addictions. She even agreed to allow the father to resume visits after two periods of the father not seeing the children for months due to his refusal to use the BACtrack device. Although the mother works very hard to communicate with the father and schedule parenting time for him, the Court finds that there is an "acrimonious relationship" between them such that joint custody is no longer inappropriate. An example of this is the father's refusal to accept the offered make-up time and allow the mother to take the children on vacation, something which would have been in the children's best interests. Another example is the shockingly cruel, manipulative, and alienating behavior the father engaged in on August 6, 2025, when he told the children goodbye because he was no longer going to play the "games" the judge and the mother were making him play. He was willing to cause serious emotional damage to his children to either gain a leg up on the mother or hide the true problem: his addictions. The father alone has created this acrimony through his failure to take responsibility for his own actions. He wants to blame the mother for his situation, but he has only himself to blame.

The Court is aware that the mother is advocating for the father to have alternate weekends, however the Court agrees with the schedule proposed by the AFC (which is the same schedule as in the April 2025 order): a set schedule of Sundays from 10:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. plus additional parenting time, including overnights, as the parties can agree taking into consideration the wishes and best interests of the children. The current schedule works well because the mother is so accommodating and supportive of the children's time with the father. The father has not done anything to warrant an increase in his set parenting time. If anything, his actions warrant a decrease in his set parenting time.

Further, the Court has serious concerns about the safety of the children while in the father's care. There is ample support in the record for supervised visits for the father, and that is where the father is headed next if he is found to be in violation of this order. It is imperative that the father utilize the BACtrack device to ensure he is not consuming alcohol while the children are in his care.

The father's modification petition is DENIED. The mother's modification petition is GRANTED. It is hereby:

ORDERED, that the mother shall have sole legal custody and placement of the subject children; and it is further

ORDERED, that the father shall have parenting time on Sundays from 10:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m.; and it is further

ORDERED, that the father may have additional parenting time, including overnight parenting time, as agreed upon by the parties and under conditions as agreed upon by the parties, taking into consideration the wishes and best interests of the subject children; and it is further

ORDERED, that the father shall have an additional mid-week parenting time with the subject child E.X. at least once a week at dates and times to be agreed upon by the parties and under conditions as agreed upon by the parties and taking into consideration the wishes and best interests of E.X.; and it is further

ORDERED, that the aforementioned parenting time schedule may be modified as agreed upon by the parties, including for purposes such as reasonable vacation time, camps or extracurricular activities; and it is further

ORDERED, that the father shall abstain from using alcohol and any other illegal or mind-altering substances (including marijuana/cannabis and cocaine) during his parenting time as well as during the twelve hours prior to any parenting time; and it is further

ORDERED, that the father may attend all school events and activities parents normally attend, provided he is not under the influence of alcohol or any other substances; and it is further

ORDERED, that at the initial exchange of the children, the mother will review the BACtrack and also assess the father's condition for signs of alcohol or other substance use. The mother shall cancel the visit if she observes signs of use; and it is further

ORDERED, the father shall use the BACtrack device and provide reports to the mother both (1) at the onset of every visit; and (2) every eight hours while the children are in his care. The father shall maintain his subscription to the service; and it is further

ORDERED, that should the father fail to provide those reports or should the report show alcohol use, the mother shall retrieve the children and end the visit early; and it is further

ORDERED, that should the mother need to cancel a visit for purposes such as vacation time or other reasons, the mother shall offer the father a choice of alternative make-up visits; and it is further

ORDERED, that in regulating their own behavior, the parties shall observe and follow the following "rights of a child whose parents are separated (adapted from the Parent's Handbook of the New York State Parent Education and Awareness Program — 2016):

1. The right not to be asked to "choose sides" between their parents.

2. The right not to be told any details of the legal proceedings going on between their parents.

3. The right not to be told "bad things" about the other parent's personality or character.

4. The right to privacy when talking to the other parent on the telephone.

5. The right not to be interrogated by one parent about the other parent.

6. The right not to be asked to carry messages between parents.

7. The right not to be asked by one parent to tell the other parent untruths.

8. The right not to be used as a confidant regarding adult matters.

9. The right to express feelings, whatever those feelings may be.

10. The right to choose not to express certain feelings.

11. The right to be protected from parental "warfare."

12. The right not to be made to feel guilty for loving both parents.

[1] E.X. was present outside of the courtroom and met this Judge but did not wish to participate in the hearing."

MA CHILD WELFARE - NEW RULES ON SCHOOL CRA FILINGS, ETC.

This summary is from Committee for Public Counsel Services, 75 Federal Street 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02110:

"On August 7, 2026, Governor Healey signed H. 5629, An Act Enhancing Child Welfare Protections.  You can find the session law here: Chapter 179 of the Acts of 2026.  Most of the provisions go into effect November 5, 2026, including a landmark “Bill of Rights” for children and young adults in the care or custody of DCF.  Other provisions, including expansion of the Family Resource Centers (FRC) and changes to the CRA statute to divert children from court (including raising the minimum age from 6 to 12), are effective August 7, 2027.  While the amendments to the CRA statute don’t go into effect until summer 2027, beginning November 5, 2026, schools are required to refer families to the Family Resource Center before filing a CRA and to address and document efforts to resolve chronic absenteeism before referring a family to the FRC. See H. 5629, Sec. 3. Counsel can move to dismiss any school-based CRA filed after November 4, if the school does not comply with these new requirements.

The Bill of Rights is contained in a new section 23E to Chapter 119.  See H. 5629, Sec. 48.  It covers numerous areas important to the well-being of our child and young adult clients including: (1) safety and security; (2) connections to family, community and identity; (3) health care and accessibility; (4) education, employment and social connections; (5) resources and supports; and (6) transition age youth. The Bill of Rights provides a road map for counsel seeking to advocate for their child and young adult clients. Due to its focus on family, community, identity and reunification, it also serves as a useful tool for parents’ attorneys.  While virtually all the rights outlined in the new Section 23E already exist in other laws (e.g., state and federal constitutions, ADA, Title VI, state statutes, regulations and policies), by enshrining these rights in Chapter 119, we now have additional support for our advocacy. Numerous individuals and organizations collaborated for many years on this landmark legislation, both inside and outside CPCS. But we would be remiss if we did not acknowledge training attorneys Debbie Freitas and Cristina Freitas for drafting the initial version of the bill and working tirelessly to see it enacted into law.

 Other provisions of interest that go into effect November 5 include the following: 

• Adds new requirements for DCF to report to the DA and local law enforcement when a review is completed of multiple 51As under subsection 51B(r). See H. 5629, Sec. 6.
• Requires DCF to notify child’s counsel about specific events, including: change of placement; involvement or investigation related to any delinquency or criminal proceeding; hospitalization; 51A filed against child’s caregiver; and proceedings to suspend or expel child from school.  See H. 5629, Sec. 49.
• Requires DCF to “make available to the public, during regular business hours” a redacted record of its fair hearings. See H. 5629, Sec. 11.
• Requires DCF workers to present photo IDs, obtain a social worker license within 9 months, and participate in annual training. See H.5629, Sec. 6.
• Makes numerous changes to the responsibilities of the Office of the Child Advocate. See H. 5629, Sec. 12-41.
• Adds provisions to ensure children in DCF custody who must change schools are timely enrolled and requires schools to enroll children even when records normally required for enrollment are not available. See H.5629, Secs. 42 & 47.
• Amends G.L. c. 209A and c. 258E to provide that an abuse or harassment prevention order issued on behalf of a minor will remain in effect after the child turns 18, unless otherwise ordered by the court. See H. 5629, Secs. 56 & 59.
• Amends G.L. c. 209C to provide that if a complaint for de facto parentage is filed in the Juvenile Court, the Juvenile Court Rules apply, not the Mass Rules of Domestic Relations.  See H. 5629, Sec. 57."

MA CHILD WELFARE - PATTERN OF NEGLECT OR MISCONDUCT NOT REFUTED

 

IN RE ADOPTION OF COLTON, No. 25-P-710. Mass: Appeals Court 2026:

"HERSHFANG, J.

After trial, a judge of the Juvenile Court entered decrees terminating the mother's parental rights to two of her children, Alison and Colton.^[2] The mother maintains that the judge erred by placing too much weight on the mother's history rather than focusing on evidence of the significant and laudatory changes she had made. She also asserts that the judge improperly failed to order posttermination visitation with the children. We affirm.

Background. Alison was born in June 2019. At the time of trial, she was five years old. Colton was born in January 2021. At the time of trial, he was three years old. The mother tested positive for marijuana and alcohol during her pregnancy with Alison, and both children were exposed to Suboxone, a substance taken by the mother to manage a heroin addiction that began after she was raped at age twelve and which, after many efforts, she had successfully learned to manage. When Colton was eight days old, he was diagnosed with a skull fracture; both parents denied knowing the cause, and an investigation conducted pursuant to G. L. c. 119, § 51B, supported allegations of physical abuse by the parents.

Alison lived with both parents for approximately the first two years of her life. Colton lived with both parents from his birth in January 2021 until May 2021, when the father was awarded conditional custody of both children. The mother had not had custody of either child since May 2021, although she lived with them occasionally, as discussed below. In early November 2021, the Department of Children and Families (department) was awarded temporary custody of both children. The children have been in a preadoptive kinship foster home since December 2021.

Beginning at age eighteen, the mother was the victim of domestic violence in her intimate relationships. At age twenty-two, the mother became pregnant with her oldest child, who was in the department's custody and not a subject of this proceeding. That daughter was removed by the department after the mother was in a collision while driving with the child in the car. The mother was arrested and charged with possession of heroin and operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of drugs.

The mother and the father were married in 2019, shortly before Alison was born, when the mother was twenty-six years old. Around that time, the maternal grandmother saw bruises all over the mother's body and worried that the father was abusing the mother. Between 2020 and 2022, the parents obtained many abuse prevention orders against each other pursuant to G. L. c. 209A (209A orders). Those included multiple 209A orders against the mother directing her to have no contact with and stay away from the father. Each parent sought 209A orders against the other and then violated them. At different times, each parent was charged with assault and battery on the other. Both children witnessed violence and arguments between their parents beginning at a very young age. Despite the violence in their relationship and their frequent, bilateral restraining orders, the parents continued to live and vacation together.

The mother reported to the department that she had not used heroin since 2017, right before she began receiving Suboxone treatment. She tested positive for cocaine twice since 2017, most recently in December 2021. She also tested positive for codeine in January 2024, which was six months before trial commenced. As part of the mother's action plan, the department asked her to submit to regular urine screens. Since 2021, the mother many times tested positive for substances, including alcohol, marijuana, codeine, and Suboxone. The mother missed numerous urine screens.

In May 2023, the department added a requirement to the mother's action plan tasks that the mother abstain from alcohol. After the results of three screens were negative for alcohol in July and August 2023, the mother missed three months of urine screens. The results of her last three urine screens before trial were positive for alcohol. The mother completed one of her two scheduled substance use evaluations prior to trial. That evaluation stated that although results of her urine screens have consistently been positive for "a low amount" of alcohol, she has "never presented as under the influence of any substance."

Addressing her history of domestic violence and trauma has been an ongoing effort for the mother. Before the department took custody of the children, she engaged intermittently in therapy with a series of providers. The mother has been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. Twice she voluntarily sought inpatient mental health treatment, in May 2020 for seven days and in May 2022 for nine days. She attributed these admissions to symptoms of postpartum depression that were exacerbated by the department's removal of the children.

Following the children's removal in early November 2021, the mother's action plan tasks included engaging with an individual therapist to address traumas related to her substance use history, addiction, and involvement with the department. Adding this requirement did not meaningfully change the mother's level of engagement with therapy. The department gave the mother references and resources to help her meet the tasks on her action plan. Although she expressed her willingness to participate, the record again reflects only intermittent engagement before August 2023. Between May and August 2022, the department could not assess the mother's use of services because the mother did not keep active releases for the department to speak to her providers. Between January and March 2023, she met four or five times with a new therapist but then stopped attending her sessions. As late as April 2023, she had yet to begin taking medication prescribed in February to treat bipolar disorder. Beginning in August 2023, she engaged in weekly therapy with a second therapist. She continued this treatment through trial.

Throughout the pendency of the case, the mother experienced instability in housing and employment. During the period of the department's involvement with Alison and Colton, the mother lived with her own parents, with the children's father (sometimes in violation of active restraining orders), in a motel, in her car, in shelters, and in her own apartment. When confronted in October 2021 about living with the father in violation of restraining orders and custody arrangements, the mother told a department social worker that she and the father had been "together this whole time" and asserted that she would "continue to violate whatever to be able to spend time with [her] kids." In September 2023, the mother found stable housing in Providence, Rhode Island, where she had a three-bedroom, two-bathroom apartment.

From the time of Alison's birth, the parents' volatile relationship was central to their family life. The children were removed in April 2021 because they were being put in the middle of the parents' constant fighting, yet the parents failed to comply with repeated requests by the department to stop spending time together. The parents violated the conditional custody order by communicating in emotional text messages, telephone calls, and in-person exchanges of the children. They argued in front of the children and struggled to coparent. In May 2021, the police were dispatched to the father's home because the parents were arguing. The father obtained another 209A order against the mother.

The parents continued their tumultuous relationship. In September 2021, they traveled together to New York City to celebrate the father's birthday, leaving each child with a caretaker not approved by the department. On the way home, the parents picked up Alison, arguing bitterly. The mother, father, and children were living together at the time, unbeknownst to the department and in violation of the conditional custody order.

Some of the parents' disputes were physical or involved threats of physical violence. In October 2021, the mother reported that the father had "choked" her in the presence of both children and that Alison had tried to intervene by hitting the father. The father reported that the mother had "hacked into his phone" and changed his voicemail greeting and that she had left him over one hundred threatening voicemail and text messages, some of which were later corroborated by a department social worker.

The parents twice went to Las Vegas together and misrepresented their whereabouts to the department. In late December 2021, the parents canceled two scheduled visits with the children, claiming they had COVID-19. Actually, they had been in Las Vegas. At that same time, a department social worker had sent the mother a $325 gift card to help pay for rent, but a week later, the mother had to move out of her room in a motel because she owed $300. The mother showed poor money management skills and prioritized taking a vacation over having stable housing. She gave conflicting statements about where she was living, asserting that she was living in her car or, alternatively, with the father.

In January 2022, the parents received a judgment of divorce nisi, with a finalization date of April 28, 2022. This did not end their troublesome patterns. That same month (January 2022), the police were called to the father's home for an alleged mutual assault by the parents. The father reported that the mother had punched him repeatedly on the left side of his face, which was red. The mother reported that the father had grabbed and punched her, showing the officer that her neck and chest were red. The mother reported to a department social worker that she had again been living with the father. Another 209A order issued against the mother, effective for one year, that forbade her from contacting the father, coming within twenty-five yards of him, or coming to his residence.

Between February 26 and March 6, 2022, while the 209A order remained in effect, the mother again traveled to Las Vegas with the father. When asked about this trip, the mother explained that she had minimized its costs; she acknowledged having asked the department for financial assistance when traveling to Las Vegas and asked, "aren't we supposed to use our resources?"

In March 2022, the mother again violated the 209A order and was arrested at the father's house. She missed a visit with the children because she was incarcerated. In July 2022, the mother sought out the father's new girlfriend on an online social media site, broke into his voicemail and listened to a message from the girlfriend, and reported to the department that the father had shown up at her work location. The 209A order against the mother was still in effect at that time.

On July 31, 2022, the mother was living on Cape Cod and the father in New Bedford, yet they ended up at a pub in New Bedford at the same time. They fought over the mother's cellular telephone and the father hit the mother. The mother admitted to police that she knew she was violating the 209A order by meeting the father. The mother was arrested for violating the 209A order and the father was charged with assault and theft. Despite this, during a late-August visit with the children, the mother told them details about their next visit with the father, leading the trial judge to infer that the mother had communicated with the father even after the pub incident on July 31, 2022. This conflicted with the mother's reports that she had no contact with the father since then.

The mother's action plan tasked her with completing domestic violence counselling programs. Although she had a fitful start, she completed two in October 2022. And, in December 2023, she completed a program called "Behavioral Health Supports for Justice Involved." Since 2022, the mother has not been accused of violating a 209A order.

Still, the mother's contact with the father continued. In November 2022, the mother sent an e-mail message with an online video recording of the father's fiancée to a department social worker. On January 24, 2023, a department social worker listened to a voicemail the mother had left for the father earlier that month. The father knew facts about the mother's life, including that her car had been repossessed in November. Also in January 2023, the mother reported that the father was harassing her on social media and had shown up at her home and flattened her tires. The mother subsequently obtained a 209A order against the father on January 27, 2023, but three months later, while the order remained in effect, continued to monitor the father's social media posts, which she showed to a department social worker. When asked about this by a department social worker and a court investigator, the mother denied having done so. She told the court investigator she had not had any contact with the father since the summer of 2022. The trial judge did not credit these denials, remarking that the father "was also aware of [the m]other's car being repossessed" in November 2022 and that the mother "continued to monitor [the father's] social media and keep up with his life" after she obtained a 209A order in January 2023.

The mother frequently blamed others for the positive results on her drug and alcohol screens. When her urine tested positive for cocaine, the mother denied using the drug and suggested that she might have been exposed to it from hugging her brother (a cocaine user) or from the father's having laced her marijuana with cocaine. She offered to take a hair follicle test if the department would pay for it but did not take the test when the funds were secured. In October 2022, she blamed irregularities in her Suboxone use on the father's having purportedly stolen her prescription. In June 2023, the mother claimed that her car had been repossessed with her prescriptions inside, so she was not taking either her prescribed Suboxone, which she was buying on the street or getting from a friend, or her psychiatric medications. In July 2023, the mother told a department social worker that she believed the maternal grandmother was "sabotaging" her by putting alcohol in her food, claiming she had not consumed alcohol since April 2023. On January 4, 2024, after testing positive for codeine, the mother denied using codeine and asked for a urine screen, then did not produce the result to the department.

The mother, at times, deprived the department of requested information about her substance use and participation in services in general. For example, although it was a part of the conditional custody order and a task on her action plan that the mother sign all necessary releases, the mother did not do so. And between February and May 2022, the department was unsuccessful in obtaining urine screens from the mother; when those screens were later produced, the results were all positive for alcohol. The mother testified at trial that her positive alcohol screens resulted from her being required to drink as part of her bartending jobs, an explanation that the judge did not credit but rather viewed as "additional evidence of [the m]other's lack of accountability for her actions."

In April 2023, the mother was unemployed. She gave conflicting reports to the department and her Suboxone provider about where she was living. To the Suboxone provider, she reported that she was spending most of her nights at the home of a boyfriend who had been released from jail and was on house arrest. To the department, she reported that she was living at the maternal grandparents' home.

The mother's move to an apartment in Providence in September 2023 coincided with new stability in her life. She obtained that apartment with the help of a community outreach worker who had been advising her about money management skills and housing applications weekly since early 2023. She continued to see her psychiatric nurse practitioner and her Suboxone provider. She also met weekly with a new therapist. The mother reported to a department social worker that she had ended a new relationship when she noticed that her partner was getting angry easily and raising his voice. The mother had a new car as well as a new job. When asked by the social worker, the mother described having learned many ways to seek and cultivate healthy relationships.

In October 2023, the mother completed a six-part education series, "Raising Healthy Families." When the father reached out to her the next month on social media, the mother reported having sent him an e-mail message telling him they could not communicate with each other. When the social worker asked to see the mother's prescription medications, the mother was initially unable to locate them; when she found them, it had been more than three months since she had filled her prescriptions for treatment of bipolar disorder and anxiety. In early 2024, she reported that she was taking her medications as prescribed.

Between November 2021 and August 2024, when trial was underway, the mother consistently attended visits with the children, which generally went well. The mother was largely appropriate, and the children were happy. The judge found that "[t]he visits would end well with [the m]other bringing the children to the social worker's car and giving them hugs and kisses." However, Alison and Colton both struggled behaviorally after the visits. The judge found that "[t]he children are confused by statements [the m]other makes about going home and talking about their bedrooms at home." As a result, the department reduced the mother's visits from one hour weekly to ninety minutes every other week and required every other visit to occur at the public library. The mother testified at trial that if she was awarded custody of Alison and Colton, she would need at least six months before she could care for them full time. She explained that she needed time to "get to know" the children, because "she barely knows the[m] and they barely know her."

Since December 2021, the children have lived together in a preadoptive kinship foster placement. Alison was two years old at the time they entered this home and Colton was ten months old. The preadoptive father is a sibling of the children's maternal grandmother (a great uncle) who is only about ten years older than the mother. The preadoptive mother is his long-term partner and fiancée; she works as a supervisor at the local hospital. The preadoptive parents ensured that Alison got the therapy she needed and supported her therapeutic needs at home. She was doing well in school and enrolled in swim and dance classes. She was a good big sister to Colton. Colton successfully completed an early intervention program. The preadoptive father helped Colton adjust after visits with the mother, which caused "aggressive behaviors towards his peers at daycare." Colton sought out the preadoptive father for attention and affection and the preadoptive father was patient and calm with him. Both children were thriving in the preadoptive placement.

Discussion. 1. Termination of parental rights. "Although the law recognizes that the custody, care and nurture of the child reside first in the parents, where those parents have failed to fulfil the duties of parenthood, their rights are no longer paramount" (quotation and citation omitted). Department of Pub. Welfare v. J.K.B., 379 Mass. 1, 5 (1979). "In deciding whether to terminate a parent's rights, a judge must determine whether there is clear and convincing evidence that the parent is unfit and, if the parent is unfit, whether the child's best interests will be served by terminating the legal relation between parent and child." Adoption of Ilona, 459 Mass. 53, 59 (2011). For evidence to be clear and convincing "[t]he requisite proof must be strong and positive; it must be `full, clear and decisive.'" Adoption of Chad, 94 Mass. App. Ct. 828, 838 (2019), quoting Adoption of Iris, 43 Mass. App. Ct. 95, 105 (1997), S.C., 427 Mass. 582 (1998).

The decision to terminate parental rights requires "a two-part analysis." Adoption of Nancy, 443 Mass. 512, 515 (2005). "First, the judge must find that the parent is presently unfit." Adoption of Cadence, 81 Mass. App. Ct. 162, 167 (2012). "The judge `must also find that the current parental unfitness is not a temporary condition.'" Adoption of Querida, 94 Mass. App. Ct. 771, 777 (2019), quoting Adoption of Virgil, 93 Mass. App. Ct. 298, 301 (2018). "Second, the judge must find that `it would be in the child's best interests to end all legal relations between parent and child.'" Adoption of Cadence, supra, quoting Adoption of Nancy, supra.

"We review the judge's findings with substantial deference, recognizing her discretion to evaluate a witness's credibility and to weigh the evidence," Adoption of Nancy, 443 Mass. at 515, "and [we] reverse only where the findings of fact are clearly erroneous or where there is a clear error of law or abuse of discretion." Adoption of Ilona, 459 Mass. at 59. On appeal, "we do not disturb" findings where the challenge is "based on the judge's credibility determinations." Adoption of Querida, 94 Mass. App. Ct. at 778.

The mother does not contest the trial judge's subsidiary findings of fact. Instead, she challenges the judge's weighing of the evidence, asserting that the judge paid inadequate attention to the mother's "present flourishing" and too much to her past conduct. "In the main [her] arguments simply reflect dissatisfaction with the judge's `weighing of the evidence and [her] credibility determinations.'" Adoption of Hugo, 428 Mass. 219, 224 (1998), cert. denied sub nom. Hugo P. v. George P., 526 U.S. 1034 (1999), quoting Adoption of Quentin, 424 Mass. 882, 886 n.3 (1997). But "the judge's assessment of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses is entitled to deference." Custody of Eleanor, 414 Mass. 795, 799 (1993). A judge is neither obligated to credit all evidence equally, see Care & Protection of Three Minors, 392 Mass. 704, 711 (1984), nor "required to view the evidence from the parent's perspective." Adoption of Lisette, 93 Mass. App. Ct. 284, 295 (2018).

The mother stipulated to her current unfitness in May 2023, and the children were committed to the permanent custody of the department. Since then, she emphasizes, much has changed. And so it had. The mother made significant strides in maintaining sobriety from heroin; she found suitable housing; she was employed, at least seasonally, in a professional position, and when that job waned, she found other work so as to maintain an income; and she terminated a relationship when she realized her partner was "getting mad easily and raising his voice." She completed an education series, "Raising Healthy Families." She rejected one communication from the father. She attended virtual meetings of "Alcoholics Anonymous" and "Narcotics Anonymous."

The judge's findings acknowledged each of these laudable advances. Nonetheless, "[a] judge properly may consider a pattern of parental neglect or misconduct in determining future fitness and the likelihood of harm to the child." Adoption of Elena, 446 Mass. 24, 33 (2006). "Although `stale information cannot be the basis for a finding of current parental unfitness. . . history . . . has prognostic value.'" Adoption of Jacques, 82 Mass. App. Ct. 601, 607 (2012), quoting Adoption of George, 27 Mass. App. Ct. 265, 268 (1989). "[A] judge's conclusion that a parent's unfitness is temporary," and termination of parental rights is therefore not warranted, "must rest on credible evidence supporting a reasonable likelihood that the parent will become fit, not on a `faint hope.'" Adoption of Ilona, 459 Mass. at 59, quoting Adoption of Inez, 428 Mass. 717, 723 (1999). "Even where a parent has participated in programs and services and demonstrated some improvement, we rely on the trial judge to weigh the evidence in order to determine whether there is a sufficient likelihood that the parent's unfitness is temporary." Adoption of Ilona, supra at 59-60.

The mother lost custody of Alison and Colton three years before this matter came to trial, a period longer than one-half of Alison's life and all of Colton's. In that time, and despite her evident and heartfelt desire to be their custodial parent, the mother persisted in patterns of behavior that endangered that possibility. Despite her significant positive steps — which we do not overlook, and which are a credit to her — the judge found that aspects of the mother's troubling history persisted from May 2023 to the time period of the trial, and she inferred from that evidence that the mother had not truly changed. In June 2023, for example, the mother informed her psychiatrist that she was not taking her prescribed Suboxone or her psychiatric medications. She was taking her friend's Suboxone or buying it "off the street" and living in her car. When she tested positive for alcohol that month, the mother complained that the maternal grandmother was sabotaging her by putting alcohol in her food, and that she had not drunk alcohol since April 2023. She did not attend a foster care review on November 2, 2023.

The mother also continued her troubling and violent relationship with the father, despite the existence of 209A orders against her (which the judge found she repeatedly violated), contrary action plan tasks, and multiple requests by the department that she stop. "It is well documented that witnessing domestic violence, as well as being one of its victims, has a profound impact on children." Custody of Vaughn, 422 Mass. 590, 599 (1996). "Violence within a family is highly relevant to a judge's determination of parental unfitness and the best interests of the children," Adoption of Gillian, 63 Mass. App. Ct. 398, 404 n.6 (2005), because a child who witnesses "such abuse suffers a distinctly grievous kind of harm." Custody of Vaughn, supra at 595. The mother repeatedly misled the department with respect to her contact with the father into at least early 2023. The trial judge found that the mother "significantly minimize[d] her role" in the parents' "toxic" relationship and the effects of that abusiveness on Alison and Colton. Thus, "[t]he evidence in this case supported the judge's reliance on domestic violence as a significant factor in deeming the mother unfit." Adoption of Jacob, 99 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 264 (2021).

In both November 2023 and February 2024, the department discovered evidence suggesting the mother was not regularly taking her prescribed medications. She declined department home visits in December 2023 and January 2024. Also that January, her urine tested positive for codeine and alcohol but not her prescribed medications. As had been true with the positive cocaine results, the mother denied using codeine; once again she was afforded an opportunity to get a second test, but again she did not do so. This evasive behavior in avoiding home visits, combined with the positive results of urine screens and the mother's denial that she had used a substance revealed by the screens, echoed some of her earlier behavior. In a further echo, she missed three appointments with her psychiatrist between October 2023 and January 2024 and stated two months before trial that she would not have so many appointments with providers if the department were not involved.

Trial began in June 2024. That September, the mother missed two trial dates because she was in Florida for a business trip. The judge did not credit the mother's testimony that her return had been delayed when she contracted COVID-19, and the judge then concluded that the mother's decision to leave Massachusetts during trial "call[ed] into question her judgment and priorities" regarding her children. "[A] trial judge has discretion to determine whether to draw an adverse inference from a parent's absence. . . . In determining whether to exercise that discretion, `the judge as fact finder' is to consider whether such an inference is `fair and reasonable based on all the circumstances and evidence before' her." Adoption of Talik, 92 Mass. App. Ct. 367, 372 (2017), quoting Singh v. Capuano, 468 Mass. 328, 334 (2014).

The judge was "entitled to consider the evidence of [the mother's] recent improvements within the context of her earlier and continuing deficits." Adoption of Jacques, 82 Mass. App. Ct. at 608. And where, as here, the "judge's factual findings were specific and detailed, demonstrating that close attention was paid to the evidence and the fourteen factors listed in G. L. c. 210, § 3 (c)," we cannot say that the trial judge clearly erred by not including specific facts or giving more weight to certain facts than others. Adoption of Nancy, 443 Mass. at 516. Considering the evidence of the mother's longstanding history with domestic violence and substance misuse; her continued failure to confront her own role in both, and their impact on Alison and Colton; her persistent refusal to take responsibility for positive results of drug and alcohol tests; and her poor money management history, "the judge did not clearly err in finding that the mother was unfit and that her unfitness was not temporary." Adoption of Ilona, 459 Mass. at 62.^[3]

"Because childhood is fleeting, a parent's unfitness is not temporary if it is reasonably likely to continue for a prolonged or indeterminate period." Adoption of Ilona, 459 Mass. at 60. By the time trial concluded in October 2024, Alison and Colton were both "thriving" in the preadoptive placement where they had been for three years. The mother, by her own testimony at trial, felt she needed at least six more months before she might be capable of parenting Alison and Colton full time. For five years since Alison was born, however, the department had already been providing services to the mother aimed at preparing her to parent the children full time. Where the mother had become stable only in the year before trial and acknowledged she still needed more time, "the court must say, `Enough,' and act in the children's best interests." Adoption of Inez, 428 Mass. at 724, quoting Adoption of Carlos, 31 Mass. App. Ct. 233, 242 (1991), S.C., 413 Mass. 339 (1992). Affording "substantial deference" to the trial judge's findings, as we must, Adoption of Nancy, 443 Mass. at 515, we cannot say that she "abused [her] discretion or committed a clear error of law" in concluding that the mother's current unfitness was not likely to be temporary. Adoption of Elena, 446 Mass. at 30.

2. Posttermination visitation order. The mother also challenges the judge's conclusion that it was not necessary to enter an order for posttermination visitation. While we agree with the department that this issue could have been better preserved for appeal, we exercise our discretion to address it, as the judge discussed it in her decision. See Adoption of Mary, 414 Mass. 705, 712 (1993). A "judge who finds parental unfitness to be established has broad discretion to determine what is in a child's best interests with respect to custody and visitation with biological family members thereafter." Adoption of Rico, 453 Mass. 749, 756 (2009). In determining whether such visitation is in a child's best interests, the judge must consider whether the child has a "significant, existing bond with the biological parent" and whether "the child `has formed strong, nurturing bonds'" with a preadoptive family. Adoption of Ilona, 459 Mass. at 63-64, quoting Adoption of Vito, 431 Mass. 550, 563 (2000). "A judge should issue an order of visitation only if such an order, on balance, is necessary to protect the child[ren]'s best interest[s]." Adoption of Ilona, supra at 65.

The judge concluded that, while the evidence "demonstrate[d] that [the m]other's visits with the children generally went well, and the children were happy to see her" and had "fun at visits with their mother," they also had "a hard time following the visits and [took] a couple of days to regulate." The judge noted the mother's testimony that the children barely know her, and she barely knows them; she further noted that the preadoptive parents "support[ed] continued contact between the children and [the m]other so long as [the m]other is sober and her mental health is stable." The judge's ultimate conclusion that a visitation order was not necessary to protect the children's best interests followed her careful weighing of the evidence of the children's bonds with their mother against their needs and connections with the preadoptive family. We discern no abuse of discretion in the judge's ruling.

Decrees affirmed.

WOOD, J. (dissenting).

"The natural bond between parent and child should not be permanently severed unless the child's present or future welfare demands it. None of our cases, in which we have said that current parental unfitness is a prerequisite to the allowance of a petition to dispense with consent to adoption, should be construed as requiring such an extreme step whenever the parents are currently unfit, or as limiting the inquiry to parental fitness at the time of trial."

Adoption of Carlos, 413 Mass. 339, 350 (1992).

To establish that the termination of parental rights is warranted, it is not enough to find that the parent is currently unfit. "The judge must also find that the current parental unfitness is not a temporary condition" (quotation and citation omitted). Adoption of Querida, 94 Mass. App. Ct. 771, 777 (2019). There must be clear and convincing evidence that "the mother's current unfitness is likely to continue indefinitely." Adoption of Arianne, 104 Mass. App. Ct. 716, 721 (2024). "The requisite proof must be strong and positive; it must be `full, clear and decisive'" (citation omitted). Adoption of Iris, 43 Mass. App. Ct. 95, 105 (1997), S.C., 427 Mass. 582 (1998).

I agree with the majority that the judge did not clearly err or commit an abuse of discretion in finding that the mother was currently unfit at her 2024 trial. But I disagree with the majority's second conclusion that the judge did not clearly err or commit an abuse of discretion in ruling "that said unfitness is likely to continue into the indefinite future to a near certitude."

The judge found that the mother's "lack of progress throughout the pendency of this matter is a strong indicator that her unfitness will continue undiminished into the future with an attendant harmful [e]ffect on the children." In fact, the record evidence established, and the majority acknowledges, that the mother made significant "progress" since the Department of Children and Families (department) was granted temporary custody of her children in November 2021. Specifically, the mother made great strides in managing her substance use disorder; freeing herself from a "toxic," violent domestic relationship; and achieving safe housing and financial stability. Collectively, this progress established an undeniable upward trend toward fitness, such that the judge clearly erred in weighing the factors relevant to the decision whether the mother's "unfitness is likely to continue into the indefinite future to a near certitude." See L.L. v. Commonwealth, 470 Mass. 169, 185 n.27 (2014) (defining abuse of discretion). "The judge, having been alerted to what had been reported as the mother's recent positive gains, should have considered whether she would be likely to improve in the future." Adoption of Imelda, 72 Mass. App. Ct. 354, 363 (2008). Accordingly, I dissent.

The judge focused on three areas of concern in the mother's life: (1) her substance misuse; (2) her past abusive relationship with the children's father; and (3) her financial irresponsibility in the face of housing insecurity. I discuss each area of concern as well as the mother's health.

1. Substance misuse. The mother struggled to overcome a heroin addiction in rehabilitation programs for fourteen years, from the ages of twelve to twenty-six. Then, in January 2018, she began receiving Suboxone treatment (before either of the subject children were born). She had been sober from heroin since that date. Indeed, during the pendency of this case, the mother took eighteen department-mandated urine screens, from August 2021 to April 2024, all of which showed results that were negative for heroin.

The mother tested positive for cocaine twice in 2021, and once for codeine in January 2024. The mother drank alcohol and used marijuana in moderation, but her substance use evaluator did not report any concerns about that behavior. The mother never presented as intoxicated during nearly three years of weekly supervised visits with her children, from November 2021 to June 2024, and was never reported to have been under the influence anywhere else.

The majority focuses on the fact that the department's action plan tasks gave clear instructions to abstain from alcohol, and the fact that the mother repeatedly deflected and avoided responsibility for her alcohol consumption. I agree that the mother's deflection of responsibility for consuming alcohol supports the judge's finding of current unfitness.

But it is also clear that the mother's multiyear struggle to maintain sobriety demonstrated a sustained commitment to achieving parental fitness. To the extent that the judge was concerned the mother's use of alcohol and marijuana supported a potential relapse into substance abuse, "[t]he passage of [more than] four years [since she achieved sobriety] is too long a period to rely on the predictive value of past behavior without verification — especially when evidence contradicting the prediction is readily available" (footnotes omitted). Adoption of Rhona, 57 Mass. App. Ct. 479, 486 (2003), S.C., 63 Mass. App. Ct. 117 (2005).

2. Domestic violence. The mother had a toxic and destructive relationship with the father. But over the course of six months from August 2022 to January 2023, she extracted herself from that relationship. At the very least, that achievement demonstrated progress toward fitness, and undermined the probative value of this factor as evidence of permanent unfitness.

The mother scheduled an intake appointment with a provider on August 15, 2022, seeking to reengage in its domestic violence education and prevention services. As the majority notes, the mother completed two domestic violence counselling programs. On January 27, 2023, she obtained a restraining order against the father.^[1] From that point forward, there is no evidence that she had contact with the father except for a single e-mail message in November 2023, following the father's violation of that order, to tell him that they could not communicate.^[2] Finally, in October 2023, she completed a third education program about domestic violence, a six-part series entitled "Raising Healthy Families."

"At trial, there was no evidence presented that domestic violence . . . was still present in the mother's life." Care & Protection of Laurent, 87 Mass. App. Ct. 1, 4 (2015). Nothing in the record suggested that the mother had seen or even spoken to the father in the twenty-one months leading up to and during trial. Accordingly, the evidence does not support the judge's conclusion that "[i]f the children were returned to [the m]other, it is likely the parents would reengage in communication, and [the m]other would be vulnerable to further abuse from [the f]ather."

3. Housing instability and financial irresponsibility. The judge noted that in December 2021 and February 2022, the mother used department housing funds to travel to Las Vegas with the father. I agree with the judge and the majority that this "showed poor money management skills and [that she] prioritized taking a vacation over having stable housing." Ante at 8. The judge also noted that her decision to leave Massachusetts during trial "call[ed] into question her judgment and priorities to her children." Although I agree that this evidence supports the judge's finding of current unfitness, it was also clear that the mother acknowledged her financial irresponsibility, sought help to address it, and made progress in achieving that goal.

First, the mother maintained relatively steady employment throughout the pendency of this matter, despite experiencing seasonal layoffs and housing instability. Second, in early 2023, at the same time that she was ending the toxic relationship with the father, the mother engaged with a community outreach worker. He met with the mother weekly to teach her money management skills and help her fill out housing applications. With his help, the mother obtained a subsidized apartment in Providence on September 1, 2023.

Also, the mother's undisputed record of consistent and loving weekly visits with her children from 2021 through 2024 spoke to "her judgment and priorities to her children." Collectively, the mother's behavior demonstrated her ongoing commitment to improve her financial situation, maintain "adequate stable housing," and prioritize building a better life for her children. Adoption of Anton, 72 Mass. App. Ct. 667, 676 (2008).

4. Medical and psychiatric diagnoses. Finally, the majority notes that the mother struggled consistently to engage with individual therapy and to take medication prescribed to treat diagnosed medical and psychiatric conditions. But neither the majority nor the judge identified any nexus between those shortcomings and a risk of harm to the children. "Mental [illness] is relevant only to the extent that it affects the parents' capacity to assume parental responsibility, and ability to deal with a child's . . . needs." Adoption of Luc, 484 Mass. 139, 146 (2020), quoting Adoption of Frederick, 405 Mass. 1, 9 (1989). The judge made no such finding here.

Moreover, the mother made progress managing symptoms which corresponded to her diagnoses. First, in January 2023, as she was ending her toxic relationship with the father, she engaged a therapist for a few sessions. Then, after five months of searching for a new therapist, she found one in August 2023. She met with him weekly throughout the trial; by October 2024, she had consistently participated in mental health and substance abuse counselling for fourteen months. Second, at the beginning of 2023, the mother reengaged with her psychiatric nurse practitioner (NP), who prescribed medications to manage symptoms of the mother's conditions. Although the evidence supported the judge's findings that the mother struggled to manage her medication regimen, it also supported that she was making progress on that front. By the start of trial in June 2024, the psychiatric NP reported to the department that she had no concerns about the mother. In any event, as noted, the judge did not find that the mother's diagnoses "affect[ed] [her] capacity to assume parental responsibility." Adoption of Luc, 484 Mass. at 146.

Collectively, in every area of concern, the mother made "significant progress" toward parental fitness, beginning at least eighteen months before trial. Adoption of Carlos, 413 Mass. at 351. This evidence of progress "casts doubt on several of the findings central to the judge's decision." Adoption of Imelda, 72 Mass. App. Ct. at 363. Indeed, the judge's findings of likely future unfitness despite such significant progress over an eighteen-month period before trial is contrary to this court's precedent.

In Adoption of Arianne, 104 Mass. App. Ct. at 721, we held that the trial judge abused his discretion and committed an error of law in terminating a mother's parental rights based on a finding that the mother's inconsistent engagement with family action plan tasks established that her current unfitness was likely to continue indefinitely. After successfully extracting herself from a violent relationship, the mother in Adoption of Arianne participated in a domestic violence support group and individual therapy — but only for a few months at a time, and never as consistently as required by her action plan. See id. at 718-720. She became involved in another toxic relationship, but she left that situation after a single incident of domestic violence. Id. at 718. The mother in Adoption of Arianne participated inconsistently in meetings with her parenting aide, visits with her child, and appointments with her department social worker. Id. at 719. She missed the first day of her termination trial without a reasonable excuse. Id. And yet, this court held that because the mother had escaped from a violent relationship and was working toward fitness, albeit imperfectly, the trial judge's findings did not provide clear and convincing evidence that her present unfitness was likely to continue indefinitely. Id. at 722-723. The mother in this case demonstrated greater consistency in visits and compliance with her action plan tasks than the mother in Adoption of Arianne.^[3] This case is more like the illuminating case of Adoption of Carlos, 413 Mass. at 351, in which the Supreme Judicial Court affirmed the denial of a petition to terminate parental rights. Following three years in which the department had custody of the child, the court in Adoption of Carlos concluded that improvement in the mother's "critical area of parental unfitness" from June 1989 to the date of the evidentiary hearing in "early 1990" established "significant progress," and a reasonable likelihood that her unfitness at trial was only temporary when coupled with the fact that "[t]he child ha[d] been regularly visiting with his mother, and remain[ed] attached to her [and was] eager to return home." Id. at 348, 351.

Because the evidence of the mother's progress undermined the judge's ruling "that [her] unfitness is likely to continue into the indefinite future to a near certitude," I cannot agree that the proof rose to a level justifying the "extreme step" of terminating the mother's parental rights (citation omitted). Adoption of Ilona, 459 Mass. 53, 59 (2011). It was not strong, positive, full, clear or decisive, Adoption of Iris, 43 Mass. App. Ct. at 105; accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

[1] Adoption of Alison. The children's names are pseudonyms.

[2] The father is not a party to this appeal, as he stipulated to the termination of his parental rights and entered into an open adoption agreement for both children in 2023.

[3] The dissent compares the facts in the present case to those in Adoption of Arianne, 104 Mass. App. Ct. 716 (2024), and sees this case as more favorable to the mother. We do not see it that way. The mother in Adoption of Arianne, id. at 717, had successfully parented her child for the first two and one-half years of the child's life before voluntarily placing her in the care of the child's godmother (who was also a relative of the mother) for about ten months. Shortly after the child was returned, the mother again placed her with the relative, because the mother was in a violent relationship from which she sought to shield the child. Id. In vacating the decree terminating the mother's parental rights, we said, "[t]he fundamental problem with the judge's decision is that the judge treated the mother's placing the child in the care of the godmother as neglect." Id. at 721. We concluded that it was "not neglect for a parent who recognizes that she cannot provide her child with a safe or appropriate environment to place the child with appropriate caregivers"; instead, that was "the mark of a responsible parent." Id. We emphasized that a "single instance of domestic violence while the child lived with the mother, where the mother's response protected the child from further exposure to domestic violence, does not demonstrate that the mother's current unfitness is likely to last indefinitely." Id. at 723. No such facts were present here, where the mother's parenting challenges, including a toxic domestic relationship, persisted for years; she did not extricate the children; and, at the time of trial, she continued to exhibit concerning behaviors related to drug and alcohol use, truthfulness with the department, and accountability for her actions.

[1] The mother obtained multiple extensions of the order, and the father was arrested and charged with violating that order in November 2023.

[2] To the extent that the majority and the judge relied on the mother's choice to view the father's public social media posts after she had obtained a restraining order as evidence of unfitness, I disagree. Again, the mother's termination of her relationship with the father and the absence of evidence of contact with him after January 2023 rendered that relationship irrelevant to the mother's fitness by the June 2024 trial date.

[3] The majority distinguishes Adoption of Arianne, 104 Mass. App. Ct. at 722-723, by focusing on the judge's error in that case of construing the mother's decision to leave the child with a godparent as neglect. But the majority does not discuss the evidence in that case which we acknowledged supported a finding of unfitness at trial, notwithstanding the judge's error, or compare that evidence to the evidence of the mother's unfitness in this case. See ante at note 3.

After placing the child with her godmother, the mother in Adoption of Arianne experienced at least two incidents of domestic violence with one partner and then a third with a subsequent partner. See id. at 718. More importantly, after trial, the judge found that the mother still lacked insight into the "impact that [domestic] violence could have on [the child] outside of the physical removal from her mother's custody that occurred as a result." Id. at 718-719. Furthermore, the mother missed about one-quarter of her scheduled visits with her child, and the first day of the termination trial because she "forgot about it." Id. at 719 & n.9. We concluded that these inconsistencies, as well as "[t]he mother's inconsistency with completing action plan tasks, . . . established the mother's unfitness to parent the child as of the time of trial because it demonstrated a lack of focus on parenting the child." Id. at 722. Comparatively, by the time of trial in this case, the mother here had a stronger, albeit still imperfect, "focus on parenting the child." Id. Just as we recognized the absence of clear and convincing evidence in Adoption of Arianne that the mother lacked capacity to achieve fitness, I think we should recognize the absence of clear and convincing evidence here."

NY CHILD WELFARE - NEWBORN TEMPORARILY PLACED WITH GRANDMOTHER

In this case, we have a newborn, an at-risk mother but with a credible grandmother. thus, the court feels that the risk is mitigated by supervision, and the child is temporarily placed with family, not removed.... noting of course that this is all temporary before trial.

MATTER OF KENDREW T., 2026 NY Slip Op 51004 - Kings Co. Family Court 2026:

"This neglect petition, which was filed by the Administration for Children's Services ("ACS" or "Petitioner") against the Respondent mother, Ms. Malaysia T, on June 5, 2026 alleges that Ms. Malaysia T. neglected her newborn son Kendrew by misusing drugs, specifically marijuana and cocaine, and not having been in a drug treatment program. Ms. Malaysia T. acknowledged smoking marijuana regularly while pregnant and believes it may have been laced with cocaine, leading to Kendrew's positive toxicology at birth. The ACS caseworker referred the mother for intake at a drug treatment program, as well as random screens, for Ms. Malaysia T. to engage in after she was released from the hospital but she failed to attend in the two months prior to the filing of the petition. Additionally, the petition alleges that Ms. Malaysia T. has a history of "multiple mental health diagnoses, including PTSD, ADHD, Borderline Personality Disorder, anxiety and depression" for which she has been hospitalized and had not received any treatment in at least 1 to 2 years. The ACS caseworker referred her for an evaluation at Kings County Hospital, where she gave birth, but the mother did not attend.

The subject child, Kendrew was born on XX/XX/2026, extremely premature at 26 weeks and he weighed only 1 pound 4 ounces at birth. At that time, Kendrew tested positive for cocaine and had a brain bleed, which the doctor's determined was unrelated to the presence of drugs in his system. As a result of his condition, Kendrew was placed in the NICU and it was initially unclear if he would survive, or if he would need months of hospitalization before he was ready for release. Contrary to expectations, Kendrew recovered much sooner, gained weight consistently and the brain bleed was resolved. During Kendrew's first month of life his mother, Malaysia, who is only 18, and his grandmother, Ms. Tanya T. visited him almost daily. Those visits were less frequent though still consistent, at least by the grandmother, during the infant's second month in the NICU.

Once Kendrew was ready for discharge, ACS filed this petition and requested a removal, opposing release to his mother, and also objected to placing the infant with his maternal grandmother which had been the family's plan. The basis for this objection was prior ACS involvement and an indicated case against the grandmother from 2023 and before for lack of supervision and guardianship over Malaysia due to her failure to attend school regularly and engage in mental health treatment, as well as an allegation that Tanya T, along with Malaysia, smelled of marijuana when they came to visit Kendrew in the hospital. The Respondent mother opposed the request not to release Kendrew to her care or that of her mother, and requested a hearing pursuant to FCA 1027. This Court ordered that Kendrew remain in the NICU, where his mother and grandmother could continue to visit him daily, pending the outcome of this hearing.

ACS called Caseworker Dorman as a witness and introduced various exhibits. The Respondent mother called her mother, Tanya T, as a witness and introduced exhibits, including scholarly articles. The Attorney for the Child ("AFC") did not introduce any evidence and, on summation, opposed a release to the mother but argued in support of a temporary direct placement with the maternal grandmother where the mother would be allowed to remain living in the home with a "no leave alone" order.

DECISION

The Court of Appeals in Nicholson has mandated that, in FCA 1027 hearings, Family Courts "weigh, in the factual setting before it, whether the imminent risk to the child can be mitigated by reasonable efforts to avoid removal. It must balance that risk against the harm removal might bring, and it must determine factually which course is in the child's best interests. Additionally, the court must specifically consider whether imminent risk to the child might be eliminated by other means, such as issuing a temporary order of protection or providing services to the victim." Nicholson v. Scoppetta, 3 NY3d 357, 378-79 [2004].

This Court agrees with both ACS and the AFC that the infant would be at imminent risk of harm if released to his mother's care. Kendrew is still extremely vulnerable at only 4 pounds and this young first time mother would need support for his care under the best of circumstances. However, it is clear from the evidence that Malaysia has a long history of mental health issues going back to her early childhood, and more recently, a history of substance abuse in the form of very frequent marijuana use and on at least one instance, cocaine. However, Malaysia has stated that she is now willing to engage in treatment, and it is often the case that the reality of motherhood is a significant motivator in obtaining sobriety. When considering a child's safety and wellbeing, the Court must look not only to the present, but to the future as well. If there is an option that keeps Kendrew safe but also allows his mother to have daily contact with him and provides her with hope and incentive to believe she can regain responsibility for his care, this would clearly be in Kendrew's best interest.

The importance of the infant-mother bond on a child of this age cannot be understated. Studies have shown that interruption in this bonding process can have a life-long impact on a child's well-being that cannot be remedied.^[1] In writing about the "Developmental Issues for Young Children in Foster Care," the American Academy of Pediatrics stated, "Paramount in the lives of these children is their need for continuity with their primary attachment figures and a sense of permanence that is enhanced when placement is stable. There are critical periods of interaction among physical, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Basic stimulation techniques and stable, predictable nurturance are necessary during these periods to enable optimal cognitive, language, and personal socialization skills." Respondent's Exhibit C in evidence, Pediatrics Vol. 106 No. 5 November 2000, p. 1145-6.

Ms. Tanya T. had planned to be her grandson's primary caretaker from before his birth. She has maintained a stable 3-bedroom home which is lived in by her daughter as well as her older adult son who is caring for his teenage daughter. ACS found no safety concerns with the manner in which the home was kept. Since the landlord decided to sell the building, Ms. Tanya T. has already secured a new 3-bedroom apartment in the same neighborhood and she is moving into it this week. This should allow a seamless transition to the new home and there is no reason to believe that this new apartment will not be similarly safe for Kendrew. Ms. Tanya T. has already bought baby supplies and everything that is needed for Kendrew to come to her home including a car seat.

The prior ACS cases involving Ms. Tanya T. as a parent never reached the stage of a filing or any finding of neglect and they occurred when Malaysia was a teenager. This Court is well aware of the challenges faced by any parent of a teen who has a mental health diagnosis but does not wish to engage in mental health treatment or take prescribed medication. Regular school attendance, which is very difficult to obtain with any teen who is resistant, is made even more so when that teen has an untreated mental health condition. ACS has these same challenges with the many teens who are in the agency's care. Unfortunately, this situation remained true up to Kendrew's birth, as Malaysia continued to not engage in treatment after her 18th birthday last year. Neither Malaysia's mother nor the efforts of ACS changed that, and even this Court does not have the power to force Malaysia to obtain the help she clearly needs for both her mental health and substance abuse. The Court can only hope that the birth of her son has in fact motivated that change. Therefore, this prior ACS involvement does not, in the Court's opinion, render Tanya T. an unsafe or inappropriate caretaker for her infant grandson.

As for the allegations of potential marijuana use by Tanya T. herself, the Court finds these to be vague and unsubstantiated. ACS did not call any witness from the hospital who had allegedly "smelled" marijuana coming from the grandmother. Therefore, it is asking the Court to exclude this infant's maternal grandmother as a resource simply on the basis of a claim that is documented in the ACS record from an unnamed source. Specifically, the ACS case record in evidence contains three hearsay references to this allegation. The first, dated April 23rd, states that the Kings County hospital ("KCH") social worker informed the Caseworker Dorman that "she has received reports from nurses that the mother and MGM has [sic] been to visit smelling of marijuana and on one occasion the mother appeared high and could not even hold herself up." The second entry from June 1st states that a Dr. Lahage stated that "the mother and MGM come in [sic] smelling of marijuana and the mother had to be put out of the NICU one time." The last mention of this allegation is that, on May 7th, "CPS obtained collateral from KCH nurse who stated that there was report of the mother visiting the baby and noted to be smelling of marijuana and high on something where she could barely stay up. The nurse also noted that MGM also reeked of marijuana smell." Petitioner's Exhibit 3 in evidence, pp. 50, 60, & 62. Several aspects of these entries are notable and diminish the weight this Court will give them. First, they are all very similar in language and could well have all come from one nurse on one date, especially in regard to the alleged marijuana scent from the maternal grandmother. It is impossible to tell because the caseworker did not obtain the dates of these observations or the name(s) of the person(s) who made them; nor did Ms. Dorman speak to that person directly. Additionally, there is nothing in the record as to whether Ms. Tanya T. was asked about the alleged smell or her marijuana use and what if any response she gave. Further, unlike Ms. Malaysia T. who is observed to be high and unable to hold herself up, there is no such allegation as to Ms. Tanya T.

During her testimony, Caseworker Dorman acknowledged that Ms. Tanya T. had denied any marijuana use when asked and that she had never observed the grandmother to appear under the influence of any substance or smelled marijuana on her. The caseworker testified that she did not smell any marijuana in the apartment when she made a home visit on April 7th and confirmed the presence of all the provisions for Kendrew. She acknowledged that the smell of marijuana is present in the hallways of apartment buildings, including the grandmother's, and outside on the streets of NYC. In fact, this Court has experienced that, since marijuana has been legalized in New York State, people have even come to court on occasion smelling of marijuana. At those times, when the smell of marijuana fills the courtroom, this Court cannot tell which of the several people in the courtroom is responsible. While marijuana is legal and Ms. Tanya T. should not be faulted for its use any more than a person who drinks alcohol, it would indicate poor judgment and be of concern to the Court if a resource used either substance on the day one is visiting a premature and vulnerable baby in the NICU (or coming to court) to the extent where they have a scent of alcohol or marijuana. However, without the opportunity to hear directly from the person who allegedly sensed that smell on Ms. Tanya T. specifically and have her testimony be examined by other counsel, this Court cannot credit this as a basis to believe that Ms. Tanya T. used marijuana. It is also quite possible that the frequency of Malaysia's marijuana use has led to her having the scent of marijuana and that this smell transferred to the grandmother through close and extended physical contact.

The Court has had the opportunity to hear from Ms. Tanya T. directly as she testified credibly in this hearing. Ms. Tanya T. stated that she does NOT smoke marijuana and definitely did not smoke it on a day she was going to visit her grandson in the hospital. However, she was willing to go for drug testing and did take a test during the course of the hearing which was negative for marijuana and any illegal substances. She also expressed her concerns about her daughter's mental health and substance use over the years and her inability to get her daughter to engage in help. While she acknowledged some issues in the past with Malaysia's behavior such that the grandmother had called the police, the most recent being in March of 2025, Ms. Tanya T. expressed that her recent behavior, especially since Kendrew's birth had not been an issue in the home, and that she did not believe there would be any safety concern to allowing her daughter to remain living with them. She explained that she would have Kendrew sleep in the same bedroom as her own and would follow any order, including not to allow her daughter to be alone with Kendrew. Ms. Tanya T. also stated definitively that she would call the police again if needed to keep her grandson with her.

Although ACS has raised concerns about the grandmother's ability or willingness to enforce court orders that might require her to tell her daughter to leave the home or call the police, their counsel was not able to respond to the point made by the mother's attorney that clearly Ms. Tanya T. had shown her willingness to involve the authorities when needed by the prior Domestic Incident Reports ("DIR") placed in evidence where Ms. Tanya T. called the police. See Petitioner's Exhibit 5-8 in evidence, DIRs dated 2/12/20, 11/9/22, 11/23/22, 3/22/25. Ms. Tanya T. made these calls even without the incentive that would be at stake here, namely the grandmother losing the Court's trust in her ability to safely care for her grandson and risking having him removed from the home. Additionally, Ms. Tanya T's adult son, Mr. P, would also be living in the home and stated he would assist his mother and similarly was not concerned about his sister's current behavior being disruptive. See Petitioner's Exhibit 4 in evidence, ACS Court Report dated 6/9/26. His daughter is currently a subject of ACS intervention as there is a pending neglect case against her mother and the child has been released to her father, Mr. Parker. Thus, there is added adult supervision in the home as well as added ACS oversight.

As required by the Court of Appeals in Nicholson, this Court has balanced the risk of harm from removal against the risk of harm for Kendrew being in the care of his grandmother with his mother in the home, and this Court has found that the harm of removal of this newborn from family during this critical bonding period is greater than the theoretical risk that exists in that home given the evidence here and the fact that orders can be made to mitigate the risk by requiring that Ms. Malaysia T. not be left alone with her son and that she engage in mental health and substance abuse treatment as a condition of her living in the same home.

Therefore, at this time, the Court finds that Kendrew would be at imminent risk of physical, mental and/or emotional harm if he were released to his mother but that it is in his best interests to be temporarily directly placed with the maternal grandmother, Ms. Tanya T, under the following conditions:

1. Comply with ACS supervision including allowing announced & unannounced home visits;

2. Insure the infant sleep in the same room and Tanya T. and not allow Malaysia T. to be alone with him; or

3. All contact between Malaysia T. and her son must be closely supervised and if Malaysia T. uses or appears under the influence of substances in the home, or if she is interfering with the grandmother's care of the baby, Malaysia must be told to leave and the police must be called if she does not leave voluntarily;

4. Not leave Kendrew unattended and only with caretakers approved by ACS;

5. Insure Kendrew attends any necessary medical appointments and comply with any recommendations for him;

6. Submit to random screens twice per month and test negative for all substances including marijuana;

7. Not be under the influence of any non-prescribed drugs in the presence of the subject child.

The Respondent mother must engage in outpatient mental health and substance abuse treatment in order to remain in the home with the subject child as soon as a program is available. Kendrew is ordered to remain in the hospital until the grandmother Ms. Tanya T. insures the new apartment is safe for this premature infant which will be no later than THIS Friday June 19th.

[1] Newborns "suffer significant negative effects when taken from their parents, and especially when taken from their mothers. Studies show that newborns prefer the sound of their mothers' voice over those of other females, which doctors see as evidence that the period after birth is critical for bonding. It is also now widely accepted that skin-to-skin contact between parents and their babies in the first hours of life has significant health benefits for the infant. Physical contact and proximity to their parents is therefore crucial for infants." Respondent's Exhibit D in evidence, Shanta Trivedi, The Harm of Child Removal, NYU Review of Law and Social Change, Vol. 43:523, p. 529 [2019]. Separations as brief as a week have been shown to negatively impact the mother-child relationship. Kimberly Howard, et. al., Early Mother-Child Separation, Parenting, and Child Well-Being in Early Head Start Families, Attach Hum Dev. 2011 January; 13(1), 1. "Short-term disruptions can result in negative socio-emotional outcomes such as aggression and negativity." Id. at, 10. In short, disruptions in the mother-child relationship can have many negative consequences for a child, some of which can last to adulthood and the "physical accessibility" of the mother has significant implications for positive child development. Id. at 13. See also Mokhtar Malekpour, Effects of Attachment on Early and Later Development, The British Journal of Development Disabilities, Vol. 53, Part 2, July 2007, No. 105, pp. 81-95; William Wan, What Separation from Parents does to Children: "The effect is catastrophic," Washington Post (July 18, 2018)."